Peace in International Relations

Introduction According to Marsden (2003), peace can be defined as the as a state of public tranquility or freedom from war. This means that for peace to prevail in a given public setup there has to be calmness initiated by the members of the society or community referred to as peacemakers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Impacts of International relations theories on peacemaking and post-conflict recovery In international relations, peace can be explained in three different theories which are: Realism Liberalism Constructivism Mac Ginty (2003) asserts that the realism theory concentrates on the struggle for power amongst different states and portrays the hardships in doing away with conflicts or wars. It majors on giving reasons for war or imperialism as it focuses on competition for power or property amongst different states as it upholds the ch aracteristics of American soviet rivalry. Liberalism, on the other hand, advocates for a solution to peace. It is through liberalism that there would be economic interdependence amongst different states hence there would be no threats on states’ prosperity. Liberalism is also concerned with the democracy of a particular state (Hudson, 2005). Democratic countries are said to promote peace by carrying out more peacemaking activities unlike authoritarian states (Marsden, 2003). In addition, Liberalism is said to bring unity among different states as it promotes the interdependence of international resources amongst different states. For instance, the International Monetary Fund offers financial aid to different countries or states. The constructivist theory on the other hand advocates for useful changes in states. For example, a change in the Marxist agenda and the setting idea of capitalism in the current world has caused improvement peacemaking initiatives. These three theorie s have a great impact in the peace making process described below as they set up the pace for peace making. Thomas and Tow (2002) assert, â€Å"They give advice as evident in the peace keeping techniques on how to approach conflicts and resolve them eventually through the most appropriate means†.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Historical context on how to end war It is due to the efforts made by peace keeping organizations that brought the end of the cold war in 1989. This was brought about by the shifting priorities of individuals in different states. In my own opinion, considering the fact that war brought about losses and lack of time to perform constructive obligations, it is always a good idea to neglect the competition for property or power amongst states but encourage interdependence amongst them. Langlois (2012) argues that war in most cases leads to dest ruction of what people are fighting for hence no benefit to any of the war parties. Peace operations to end war or conflict It is usually a good idea to come up with peace operations which are likely to contribute positively in peace keeping or peace building. For example, â€Å"Mission creep† was initiated in Somalia and Rwanda as a measure to calm war. Hudson (2005) asserts that in 2000, there was also a report on the panel on the United Nations peace operations that was meant to promote peace between countries. Individual responsibility Abass (2010) takes the stand that it is significant to note the shift of peace promotion from state hands to the hands of the individual. Individuals are said to be the prime objects of establishing peace between different regions. The behavior of human beings determine so much on state tranquility hence peace starts from individual level to state’s level (Mac Ginty, 2003). This is according to International Commission on Interventio n and State Sovereignty (ICISS) report tabled in 2001 that calls upon individuals to exercise peace at individual level. Human security Human security is one of the most fundamental reasons for peace initiatives in a state. It is important to note that human security is held as being vital than the sovereignty of the state. This is mainly because human beings make up the state and without them the state cannot exist (Burke, 2012). Therefore, it is significant to exercise human security as a measure to achieve peace in a state. This can be achieved by individuals employing liberalism in their peace making techniques.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Peace in International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Human intervention to end war Dobbins (2005) suggests that in order to avoid conflicts or wars, human intervention should be employed and avoid military action unless war is the last resort to solve the conflict. Chapter VII of the UN Charter permits use of military force by the international community if peaceful measures prove inadequate though they still must be mandated by UNSC. Though there are many critics to this opinion, it still remains to be the most conscious decision by many governments. Peace concepts In the concepts of maintaining peace, the issue of disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) is meant to provide security that boosts peace in an area. SSR (Security Sector Reform) is also involved in creating the right structure for peace keeping in the society. Bellamy et al (2008) argue that the government also takes up the obligation of maintaining peace to its people. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to assert that peacemaking is a vital role in the society that should be promoted from individual to the state’s level for the economic, social and religious benefits of the people. The theories of communication also add up to importance of peac emaking as they set a pace for peace building. References Abass, A 2010, Protecting human security in Africa, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Bellamy, AJ et al. 2011, The responsibility to protect and international law, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, Boston. Burke, A 2012, An Introduction to International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Dobbins, J 2005, The UN’s role in nation-building: from the Congo to Iraq, RAND Corp, Santa Monica, CA.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hudson, H 2005, ‘Doing’ Security as Though Humans Matter’, Security Dialogue, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 155-174. Langlois, A 2012, ‘Human Rights’, in R Devetak, A Burke and J George (eds), An Introduction to International Relations, 2nd edn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.440-459. Mac Ginty, R, 2003, ‘The Pre-War Reconstruction of Post-War Iraq’, Third World Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 601-617. Marsden, P 2003, ‘Afghanistan: the reconstruction process’, International Affairs, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 92–104. Thomas, N Tow, WT 2002, ‘The utility of human security: sovereignty and humanitarian intervention’, Security Dialogue, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.177-192. This essay on Peace in International Relations was written and submitted by user John Webb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Calcutta Chromosome Science Fiction and Technology essays

The Calcutta Chromosome Science Fiction and Technology essays This novel was written by a social anthropologist, Amitav Ghosh, who is also a skilled literary craftsman when it comes to the precision and clarity of his narrative style. So, knowing his anthropological background and expertise, a reader goes into a book with a little different sense of anticipation; science will surely be a prominent part of the books theme. And also, I am enjoying reading the novel and observing the two types of cultures Western and Eastern cultures and how each of those cultures views and responds to technology and science. The plot is made very interesting in a diverse way, because there are characters whose cultural backgrounds are very different from the places and cultures that they are living in; for example, far from his real cultural place of residence is Antar, an Egyptian (Eastern culture), who resides in Manhattan (western culture). His job is to research artifacts (from many cultures) through the medium of cyberspace, which is a kind of other-worldly technology culture that allows individuals of all cultures to interact digitally, but never to actually speak verbally to one another, see one another, or pass judgment other than through the written word. Meanwhile, keeping to a diversity of east-west cultural contrasts, Ghosh stumbles across the image on his computer screen of an Indian whose name is Murugan, who is presumed to have disappeared in 1995, and was considered an obsessive researcher in regard to the life and scientific achievements of a Britisher named Ronald Ross, known as Sir Ronald Ross, since he was given that title by the Queen of England after winning the Nobel Prize for science. Murugan, according to a review in the Christian Science Monitor (Rosenberg, 1998), was an engaging character an obsessive verging on madness, but also a raconteur with a delicious instinct for lifes absurdities in general and colonial hypocrisy in particular."...

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Strategic Management - Essay Example Conclusion 11 References 13 1. Introduction The evaluation of an industry’s performance is commonly developed using a series of criteria. The conditions in the industry’s environment, in all its aspects, have a key role in understanding the industry’s perspectives for a long terms growth. The use of theoretical frameworks and models can also help to check the status of an industry, either in the short or the long term. Current paper focuses on the evaluation of global automotive industry in regard to a particular aspect: the industry’s supply and demand chain. The sector matrix framework has been used for exploring the issue under examination. Two well known theoretical frameworks, the Value Chain Analysis model of Porter and the Product-Commodity Chain of Gereffi have been used for developing an effective sector matrix framework, as aligned with the needs and the challenges of the particular industry. It is proved that the current performance of automotiv e industry in terms of supply/demand could be improved by controlling rapid expansion so that time is available for responding effectively to the needs of each market. 2. The ‘sector matrix’ framework – description and characteristics The sector matrix framework used for the evaluation of the automotive industry would be based on the following fact: economies worldwide are not equally developed. More specifically, there are economies that have been able to promote technological advances and commerce, achieving an important growth (Cohen 2012). Reference should be also made to countries with quite low economic and commercial performance; these countries have not managed to follow global technological advances (Cohen 2012). The evaluation of the performance of the automotive industry globally would be based on the perception that economic growth around the world is not equally; therefore, the findings of the sector matrix analysis would be related primarily to deve loped and emerging economies that have the potential to support the development of automotive industry. Another issue that should be taken into consideration when developing the sector matrix related to the automotive industry is the following one: the specific matrix is based on different market and organizational elements; these elements are also included in other theoretical frameworks, such as the Porter’s Value Chain analysis (Graph 1) and the Gereffi’s Product/ Commodity chain. The use of these frameworks when developing the sector matrix analysis of the automotive industry would increase the credibility of findings. The elements of these two frameworks are briefly discussed below. Graph 1 – Porter’s Value Chain analysis framework (source: Bachelor of International Management) The Value Chain Analysis of Porter is presented in Graph 1, above. According to this framework, ‘each company can be represented by a Value Chain’ (Overbeck 2009, p.26). This Value-Chain is consisted by a series of activities that can be characterized either as primary or support activities (Overbeck 2009). The activities that are of critical importance for the supply chain of an organization are the primary ones (Overbeck 2009); still, the support activities are necessary for the effective development of primary activities (Overbeck 2009), meaning that primary activities may face problems and delays in case that they are not combined by the support activities, as included in the Porter’s framework. Among the activities included in the

Compassion and Media Representations of Suffering Essay

Compassion and Media Representations of Suffering - Essay Example Compassion Cultivation The decision on how these images are going to be used and how a story is going to be told are left to the decision of the journalists and the editors. These decisions are influenced by different factors which include cultural standards of the primary audience and the expectations of advertisers. The end product is almost always geared towards what will be warranted as interesting by more people in order to attract more advertisers. Media produce materials that evoke compassion because compassion is what calls audience attention. Media positions the audience from a spectator’s point of view, a passive audience that is powerless when it comes to the doing something against the sufferings of victims of natural disasters and manmade crimes. To establish a more intimate relationship between the news content and the audience, media use personal stories that are highly focused on the civilians. Their losses are highlighted, their tears take the places of actual body count and political analysis. By putting feeding the audience the suffering of people who are supposed to be innocence and the fact that audience are unable to do anything to mediate the suffering, the media creates distant suffering. The audience are being conditioned to take into consideration the condition of strangers thousands of miles away. This framework of distant suffering has been so powerful that it has connected politics, audience, and non-profit organizations towards one cause. The growth of technology has afforded more news organizations and even ordinary citizens to access and distribute news and other information. The internet has also stretched the rules on the extent of suffering one may show. More importantly, this continuous flow of information on suffering has heightened the audience’s compassion because of the reinforcement of the fact that they are ultimately powerless to change to anything and even with the privilege of knowing and watching, they cannot do anything. The audience is not anymore allowed to detach themselves from the fate of other people or take refuge in ignorance because they are never safe from the information. Compassion Fatigue Moeller (1999) believes that this formula is also the cause of compassion fatigue. The continuous drive to heighten emotion and ignite interest from the audience is compromising the very essence of journalism. Journalism is supposed to uphold truths and facts without favouring any side. Journalism is about information dissemination. All of these take an inferior place over profitability. As media companies fight for audience, they continue to raise the stakes on how they present their stories without crossing the legal bounds. As a result, the media companies resort to sensationalism. The result is the ever growing concern on the accuracy of information that the audience obtains and the proper emotion that news is supposed to evoke. Chouliaraki (2006) discussed how adventure news e mbodies this situation. She mentioned three critical current events: shootings in Indonesia, a boat accident in India and ‘biblical floods’ in Bangladesh. All of these were given no more than one minute of air time. Important information was also not mentioned in the ‘breaking news’ portion and was not presented in the proper context of the event. This treatment results to a lack of framework for the audience to understand the weight of the event. Th

What Kind Of Impact She Makes To My Life

What Kind Of Impact She Makes To My Life Introduction The person who had a significant influence in our life is a person who we consider as a role model. It means the ideal which we would like to resemble. In my life I have to say that my mother, Sumatra was such a kind of model. My mother has most definitely been the biggest influence in my life. She is the only person who always told me to be who I am and had a positive influence in my life. However, I cannot say that I would like to be a copy of my mother or that I fully accept his principles and ideals. In fact, I believe that each person is unique. Anyway, I still appreciate the basic principles. Almost all the day of a person life is an experience. There is always a time in ones life where a person significantly influenced. I admire my mother because she is the person love and care the most of me. My mother has been the sole guardian of me as long as I can remember. What turns me into the person who I am is all her action. My mum has been never thrown a harsh word or unnecessary p unishment even though I have made decisions in the spite of those decisions. She has made me enjoy my life like no other person could. WHAT KIND OF IMPACT SHE MAKE TO MY LIFE She has taught me a lot. Due to my mother I learned that there are more important values than wealth and money that people should always remain truly human, regardless, of their environment and the hardships they face in their life. She has thought me how to be kind and loving but not to allow others to take my caring and kindness for weakness. She has also though me to dream big and do everything within my power to make those dreams a reality. First of all, I would like to say that my mother was a person who did not attempt to lecture me. Instead, he just talked to me as a person who had an extensive experience in his life and, frankly speaking I do not know why, I often agreed with her, even though, at first, I attempted to argue with her. Nevertheless, I believe that my mother did not just have a gift to persuade people but she rather made people respect him with his deeds more than with words. EXPERIENCE AND PERSONALITY SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCED On looking back into my past, I can hardly remember an episode where I would criticize actions of my mother. In this respect, I recall an episode from my childhood, when I was about to quarrel with my father and I felt really angry at that moment. In fact, I was about ten years old, when I wanted to take a recorder, but my mother totally rejected this idea. I remember that he did not forbid me to take a recorder, but rather persuade me that it would not be a good idea to bring a recorder to our house. At first, I could not agree with my fathers arguments, because I did not take them seriously. Now, I understand that my desire to take a recorder was stronger than my common sense. But my mother managed to persuade me that I was not to recorder at that time. When I first told my mother that I was going to take a recorder, she just asked me to talk like him about my decision. At first, he asked me why I was so eager to have a recorder. I did my best to explain that it would great to have a recorder, but in the course of conversation I understand with the help of my mother that if I took a recorder I would take a great responsibility, which I was not ready to take at the moment. My mother explained to me that I would responsible for the recorder I was going to take and it was the first time when I thought serious about effects of the decisions I was about to take. Eventually, I understand that I could not take care of the recorder. In such way, I learned from my mother that we should be responsible for our actions because often it is the life as well of others that depend on our decisions and actions. This experience was very important for me and influenced my personality significantly. WHAT KIND OF A PERSON IS MY MOTHER My mother is a kind of person that anyone can look up to and say I would like to be like that. She could be described as a short quite round young looking lady although she is 48years old now with always very pretty. She is thin with her curly hair. She usually wears modern and traditional clothes. For me she is so beautiful. Most people describe her as an attractive lady. She is the kindhearted, caring and loving person that she has thought me to become. She is strong willed, hardworking and very dedicated to god. I know that she inspires others as well. She is a great business woman and a speaker with a passion to teach others what she feels life is truly about and I know that her meaning of life is a successful and inspirational way of life. WHAT MAKES ME ADMIRE OF MY MOTHER My mother gave me the originality of her character to study the steadiness of her virtues the power of her passions to admire, the truth of her feelings to trust, however, I know that my mother will always be by my side. In spite of this, my mother has never failed to believe that my siblings will soon recover from these setbacks. All these things she had, and for these things I clung to her. I grew up not feeling neglected but admiring my mother more and more for what she has done for my siblings, which I believe no one could have achieved. I admire her for being able to look after the wellbeing of the whole family in spite of this and never failing to be there for me whenever I needed her. Growing up with such a strong role model, I developed many of my enthusiasms. Thus, it is clear that the individual who has had the highest degree of influence on me is my mother. She never once complained about the sacrifices, which she had to make in order to help my siblings. The strength of h er principles is evident in the way in which she raised my little siblings who needs the more attention because they are younger than me. I will always respect the influence that my mother has had on my life, and will endeavor to take all that she has taught me as the inspirational to be all that I can be in the pursuit of my dreams. Particularly my passion is to become successful business women. She dedicates me and my siblings most of her time educating us. REASON WHY MY MOTHER HAS SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE ON ME My mother is the most important person in my life. I really cannot express how I feel about her in just words. My mother is not my whole life, but she is really big part of it. My whole world does not only revolve around her, but she is the most influential person who inspires me. My mother is not just another woman. She is extraordinary. I have known her for twenty-two years. I know her very well, and had learned to love her since she gave birth to me. Relatives always tell me stories about my birth. They tell me how important I was to my mom. I was the foundation of her joy, strength, peace and love. She has thought me all I need to know to live. In my life as a twenty-two years old girl I have learned a lot from my mother. She thought me how to feel and recover it. Well, she did not only do that. She showed me how to handle these feelings of anger, fear and sadness. CONCLUSION When asked who has had the most extraordinary influence on my life, the most obvious answer would be my mother. It took me all twenty-two years to realize that it is her influence that has molded me to become what I am today. Being a business woman, she has never failed to look after us well. She I the kind of mother who always insists on spending quality family time together, the backbone of the family and the kind of person who helps other children in the neighborhood with their difficulties in their life. She has been my first teacher, my best friend and a role model for the past twenty-two years of my life. In considering my mothers position and influence as a role model. 3.0 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNITY SERVICE Community service is a performance volunteered by an individual or an organization. This action benefits a community or institution. Usually community services are done as part of an organized scheme. The true meaning of community service is when we do something without the intentions of getting money or a reward from someone else. The main aspect of community service is volunteering. Getting the satisfaction knowing that you are able to have some sorts of effect in someones life is some benefit of participating community service activity. 3.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY SERVICE Community service is important because it offers one the opportunity to give back to others and their community. It is important part of college experience and valuable. To view a local community, it is designed to expand while instilling the sense of purpose and pride regarding own interests and abilities. Community service has also become an important part of application in college. To select and separate their application and to determine which receives scholarships, admission officers use community service as a method in many colleges. 3.2 A VOLUNTEERING PROJECT THAT I WOULD DEVOTE It is not a matter for me if I could devote my time to help peoples in need. I would be more satisfied if I could help student in their education by giving knowledge in school site without any expectation of rewards and money. By this, community service represent a voluntary activity for which are not paid and it helps to match interests, talents and abilities. 3.3 DEVOTE ONE YEAR SERVICE TO SCHOOL-SITE. An excellent way of meeting the requirement for community service is volunteering and also it helps special needs of a school. I require choosing this kind of school site community service because it is committed to providing on-going support and assistance to the school. With the exception of elective courses in community service, in additionally service must not be completed as a part of regular school course in which a student receiving academic credit. 3.4 I WOULD HOPE TO ACCOMPLISH: School site community services are included by a lot of activities. I would be accomplishing some student plans, coordinated and monitors a school wide letter writing campaign in support of an issue of local importance. I will also give a help on tutoring other student in their reading skills or math for a semester. With the efforts to implement and monitor community service experiences, as a community service aide to an appropriate teacher or counselor and assistance I would be accomplishing. 3.5 VALUEABLE PART OF COLLEGE EXPERINCE With my experience I found it very meaningful to engage my spirit through serving other by giving a community service. Already many students have an experience with community service before coming to college. For my opinion, to spend time with friends while working for a valuable cause, it was required as a part of college curriculum, and others chose to do it to get more experience involving community service. With these I as a student arrive on campus seeking familiar opportunities. In this case, other students of in the college who never been done with any community service maybe interested in trying something new, or will be looking a different way to make friends. Most probably community service organization welcome new members year-round, weather a person have a prior experience or not. Some students only like to do community service individually, perhaps by tutoring children at local worship center or elementary school. Some activities like running clinics or organizing park cleanup programs often perform by athletes as a part of team membership. But community service is completed through established organizations by most of the college students. 3.5.1 INCLUDE OF ORGANIZATION IN COMMUNITY SERVICE Some community service organization includes Alpha Phi Omega, Circle K, and Habitat for Humanity, Best Buddies, Amnesty International, and Big Brothers, Big Sisters. Through local agencies student are interested in doing other types of service to do work. There is list of such agencies to get involve with community service and religious life offices which includes several opportunities. These opportunities are providing literacy programs, food banks, domestic violence shelters, public libraries, and homeless shelters. In terms of time and emotional energy, they are tremendously rewarding students for involve significant commitment rottenly. I would prefer volunteering opportunity not to represent on my campus, consider organizing a group of students and pursuing resources to help me engage in that service. I would accomplish to provide greatly enrich college experience by having a positive effect on community, and will leave with many fond memories. 3.6 BENEFITS OF STUDENTS PARTICIPATING IN COMMUNITY SERVICE Public school youths had a positive effect on the personal development in community service. Mostly showing increases in measures of personal and social responsibility, communication and sense of educational competence are engaged in quality service learning programs. Ranking responsibilities are more important value and reports a higher sense of responsibility to college than comparison groups who engage in service-learning. Most probably, students perceive themselves to be more socially competent after engaging in service-learning. Highly ranking, student who involved in service learning were more likely to treat each other kindly, help each other and care about doing their best. Also these students will more likely increase their sense of self-esteem and self-efficacy. 3.7 BENEFITS OF VOLUNTARING IN COMMUNITY SERVICE Community service benefits others in some ways although it is apparent, before creating and maintaining widespread programs. Students exactly benefited by participating in these community service activities. Research has been done greatly on this subject, resulting in evidence for many kinds of benefits. The most significant gains reported are psychological, social, and cognitive benefits experienced by students. 3.7.1 PSYCOLOGICAL BENEFITS: Sources indicate that students have shown increases in positive feelings and mental health, and decreases in depression and stress. 3.7.2 SOSIAL BENEFITS I forge bonds with each other by participating in community service project as well as other members of the community. These bonds enhance increase my social network in my interpersonal skills. Socially volunteerism can lead to increase care for others and a desire to cooperate and get involved in positive ways, even among those who had previously exhibited antisocial tendencies. Another major benefit is the feeling of social connectedness that appears to be winning in increasingly in segmented society. 3.7.3 COGNITIVE BENEFIT We learn something new every day. Volunteering definitely holds true. Old skills are developed as new ones are learned with new experiences. With past experiences, new information I integrated and ones knowledge base improve. The lesson learned from volunteering frequently support and enriches understanding of how the community is set up to function additionally. A large part of the reason for incorporating volunteering and community service into various curricular and require cognitive gains. 3.8 CRITICAL THIKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS IN COMMUNITY SERVICE To determine what needs to be done while develop mentally appropriate level of responsibilities in situation which young people learn the most. A responsibility of decision making in a task that is interesting and important to students has given the opportunities. They tend to think more deeply about the issues at hand and use their most complexes thinking skills to solve problems arise in community service. The critical thinking seeks to help faculty move beyond teaching contents and into teaching students to apply complex cognitive skills across a range of topics problems. Faculty participating in this community service will learn strategies for teaching students how to think critically and creatively to solve a problem that arise in a part of discussion in community service. They will develop activities that can be used in the classroom to develop our critical thinking. 4.0 CONCLUSION OF COMMUNITY SERVICE The major goal of community service in school site explores the comparative effects of service learning and the cognitive and affective development of college undergraduates. It is to enhance our understanding of how community service is enhanced at school site learning service. As what I know thirty percent of students participated in community service during college, and an additional forty-six percent participated in some other form of community service. The remaining 24 percent did not participate in any community service during college. The impact of community service was assessed on several dependent. These are academic outcomes, values, self-efficiency, leadership, career plans to participate in further community service in college. Freshmen are the most outcomes which were presented when a student entered the membership of community service. Subsample of student for who standardized test scores is additional outcome. For both freshmen characteristics and institutional I Multivariate control were used. In-depth case studies of community service on campus are qualitative portion of community service. To pursue a career in a service field, service participation appears to have its effects on the students decisions. The positive effect of community service can be explained. The fact that participation in community service increase the likelihood that student will discuss their experiences with each other and that students will receive emotional support from faculty.

Public opinion of police Essay

Good morning (evening or afternoon) ladies and gentleman. I would like your attention because I have a subject to discuss. I want to talk about the public’s opinion towards police officers by different ethnic groups. There are many thoughts and public opinion on how the community feel towards the many police officers in this country. It is my personal opinion that people should not be hating on the police because they enforce the law, unless they have experienced some sort of police brutality and unprofessionalism. I will speak to you the various races ethnic backgrounds that have statistically shown me the truth behind why they dislike police officers. Amongst part of races that feel like that towards police officers they are Hispanics, African Americans and also other mixed races. Every Hispanic has their own reason to dislike the police officers in this country. For many it could be personal and for others it could be that they do not care and for some it could be that perhaps the immigration topic is what’s affecting their opinion about police officers. Anything a police officer does may not be liked by someone for whatever reason, so no matter what not every person will be pleased. Research and plenty of study have been done to find out the truth about why distrust is so high amongst the citizens and the police. They found that â€Å"police violence against Rodney King, Amadou Diallo, and the racist attitude of Mark Fuhrman led to a broad decline in public support for the police, violence against the police, and attenuated police careers. Negative attitudes also undercut crime control efforts by contributing to low levels of citizen assistance to police investigations. † (Liu & Crank, 2010). The other ethnic background that has problems trusting the police are African Americans. African Americans feel they have strong reason to have their own negative public opinion against police officers. Part of the fact is that since they commit plenty of crimes the African Americans get defensive when they are searched inappropriately without a valid reason and some of that public opinion has to do with the fact that they use to be treated unfairly because of the whole slavery issues decades ago. Just like Hispanics, young African American males are mostly stereotyped and are part of racial profiling but part of it is due to the fact that they commit many crimes. Other â€Å"typical bias-based policing tactics occur when officers refuse or ignore taking a report from a minority citizen but would have done so had the person been white. This was a common complaint we heard from the minorities we spoke with during the focus group meetings. † (Iomo, Becton, Meadows, Tears, & Charles, 2009). The distrust can occur from many reasons and this was just one of them. Many other ethnic backgrounds have the same issues as Hispanic and African American communities. This type of problem’s results are that: â€Å"Poor police-community relations adversely affect the ability of the police to prevent crime and apprehend criminals. People hostile to the police are not so likely to report violations of the law, even when they are the victims. They are even less likely to report suspicious persons or incidents, to testify as witnesses voluntarily, or to come forward and provide information †¦ Yet citizen assistance is crucial to law enforcement agencies if the police are to solve an appreciable portion of the crimes that are committed. † (Sullivan, Dunham, ; Alpert, 1987). Unfortunately this same problem still goes on today in many places around the United States including the world and wherever there are police officers present. The fact that some people cannot handle being police officers gives a black eye to police officers around the world when they do something that will taint that image. So you see why there are many public opinions towards police officers by different ethnic backgrounds. It all depends on what ethnicity they are from because that generates the distrust. In surveys Blacks and Hispanics usually always rate police officers as medium to low and Whites give higher ratings. There are many ethnicity’s that have a public distrust for the police, but when conducting such surveys or research the age of the person has to be considered as well as the previous experiences with any police officer or criminal justice professional. ?

Factors behind Economic Growth in Hong Kong and Singapore Essay

There are many similarities between Hong Kong and Singapore. Both countries enjoy high economic growth rates for the past three decades, they are known as â€Å"East Asian Tigers† because they made a transition from poverty to Newly Industrialized Economies (NIE’s) in a very short period of time. Both Hong Kong and Singapore were British colonies with both legal and administrative systems of their former colonial powers. They are the busiest ports in the world in terms of throughputs. They have climbed the industrial ladder and are now important international financial centers because of their reliance on trade since 1960’s (Kim. t al 1994). In addition both cities are densely populated since land is scarce and land together with property prices is very high. These two cities are known for being fee traders with few restrictions on trade and capital flows which many a times are Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In Hong Kong the state owns all the land whereas in Singapore the state owns four fifths of the total land. Consequently both cities capture economic rent primarily by nationalizing land and leasing it out. While the state owns much of the land in Singapore and the sole landowner in Hong Kong, the inefficiencies that could result from state ownership are taken care of through the creation of markets for state, land and property leases. Meanwhile the public leasehold system where the state is the major role player in land use, planning and resource allocation works very well in both cities since the public sector institutions of both are efficient and non-corrupt. These institutions in both countries benefit from adequate checks and balances, merit-based recruitment and pay scales which are high enough to reduce the temptation to corruption. In conclusion, there economies are widely believed to be the most economical free in the world are these economic freedom emanates from the governments â€Å"hands-off policy† which allows for flexibility and renovation of any given industry in a very short time. Both countries also have very little available land and very few natural resources therefore importing most of their food and raw materials equally most of their exports consists of re-exports which are products made outside their territories.